Independent Working Group Report: Missile Defense, the Space Relationship, and the Twenty-First Century. »»
October 14, 2008
IWG Report 2007
Independent Working Group Report: Missile Defense, the Space Relationship, and the Twenty-First Century. »»
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Aegis Ship-Based BMD
| Country: | USA |
|---|---|
| Basing: | Sea |
Details
Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (Aegis BMD) will provide an efficient and highly mobile sea-based defense against short- and medium-range ballistic missiles in their midcourse phase.
The system will integrate the U.S. Navy’s existing fleet of Aegis cruisers (Ticonderoga class) and Aegis destroyers (Arleigh Burke class) with the Standard Missile-3 (SM-3) interceptor currently under development. The system will allow the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) to move its defense capabilities close to enemy launch sites, thus providing a critical “layer” to the broader Ballistic Missile Defense System.
At present, each Aegis cruiser and destroyer is outfitted with the Aegis Weapon System—the heart of which is the AN/SPY-1 radar system. AN/SPY-1 sends out beams of electromagnetic energy in all directions, thus allowing Aegis ships to track up to 100 targets simultaneously, while still retaining the ability to counter other air, surface, and submarine threats. AN/SPY-1 will be able to detect ballistic missiles as they rise above the horizon.
Once a hostile missile has been detected, Aegis BMD will launch its Standard Missile-3 interceptor from its MK41 Vertical Launching System (currently deployed on Aegis cruisers and destroyers). An evolution of the SM-2 Block IV interceptor, the SM-3 is a hit-to-kill missile comprised of a three-stage booster with a kill vehicle. As the SM-3 burns through its three stages, its GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System will set it on an intercept trajectory with the hostile missile. SM-3 will also receive target updates from the Aegis destroyer.
Once close enough to the ballistic missile, the SM-3 will fire its kill vehicle, the Kinetic Warhead (KW), from its nosecone. The KW will immediately begin to search for its target. It will acquire the ballistic missile using a high-resolution seeker, and maintain an accurate trajectory using its internal navigational system. As it closes on its target, the KW will identify the missile’s payload, and shift its aimpoint to ensure a lethal hit. When the KW finally slams into the enemy warhead, the kinetic energy of the high velocity impact will ensure complete destruction of the threat.
Since 1999, MDA has conducted five SM-3 flight tests. Four have been successful. The most recent test was on December 11, 2003, when a SM-3 from the Aegis cruiser USS Lake Erie tracked, targeted, and destroyed a short-range target missile launched from the Pacific Missile Range Facility in Kauai, Hawaii. Impact occurred at an altitude of 137 kilometers and a closing speed of approximately 3.7 kilometers per second. The entire operation, from detection to destruction, took four minutes.
President George W. Bush recently called on MDA to deploy a preliminary defense shield—including sea-based assets. In September 2004, the Navy will deploy an Aegis destroyer in the Sea of Japan capable of detecting and tracking missile launches from North Korea and China. In the event of a hostile launch, the destroyer will be able to transmit data to ten ground-based interceptors located in Fort Greely in Alaska and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California (also scheduled for deployment in September 2004).
In 2005, the first fully operational Aegis BMD system will be deployed on an Aegis destroyer. MDA will conduct rigorous tests, using this initial deployment to integrate the AN/SPY-1 with SM-3 and improve the accuracy of the interceptor. In 2006, the Navy will deploy nine Aegis ships outfitted with SM-3 missiles and configured to carry out ballistic missile defense operations from almost anywhere in the world.
During this initial deployment phase, Aegis BMD will provide a cost effective means of countering emerging threats from rogue nations and terrorists. The United States has already invested $50 billion in its cruisers and destroyers alone, and the additional cost of outfitting these ships with SM-3s is relatively small compared with that of developing new air-based, land-based, and space-based systems. Although the Navy will eventually need more ships over time to handle its regular duties, in the interim Aegis BMD will serve as an excellent stopgap measure.
MDA’s long-term goal is to transform Aegis BMD into a comprehensive missile defense system capable of destroying intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), possibly in their boost phase. As MDA improves its layered missile defense system, Aegis BMD will be able to integrate its tracking system with other new BMD tracking systems such as Space Based Infrared System-High (SBIRS-High) satellites, the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS), or the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX). Although many consider the SM-3 too slow to intercept ICBMs, some believe that these enhanced detection and tracking capabilities will allow Aegis BMD to launch its interceptors earlier, thus allowing the SM-3s to reach long-range targets.
MDA and the Navy are also considering the development of a larger and faster interceptor missile.
Sources
Arms Control Association.
England, Gordon R. Remarks at the National Missile Defense Conference. Ronald Reagan Center, Washington, D.C., 22 March 2004.
Erwin, Sandra I. “Navy Prepares to Put Aegis Ships ‘On Alert.’” National Defense Magazine, March 2004.
GlobalSecurity.org.
Missile Defense Agency.
Raytheon Company.
Selinger, Marc. “Aegis on Tract for 2004 Missile Defense, Company Says.” Aerospace Daily, 13 January 2004.
U.S. Department of Defense. “Aegis Miss Test Successful.” Press Release 938-03, 11 December 2003.
Lockheed Gets Sea-Based Contract
Lockheed Martin has been awarded an $812 million dollar contract to field and deploy the Aegis sea-based portion of the US missile defense system.
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD
Japan MD by 2006
The Japan Defense Agency has submitted a defense budget request which includes 500 billion yen for missile defense, to be deployed by 2006. The Japanese deployment, directed largely at North Korean ballistic missile threats, would be two-tiered, combining forms of the Aegis Sea-Based system and the PAC Patriot Ground Based System. The JDA hopes to equip 16 of its 27 Self Defense Forces with Patriot systems, and to deploy four Aegis Cruisers.
» More stories on: Allies
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD, Patriot Advanced Capability-2 (PAC-2), Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3)
Japan Pushing for Defenses
The Japanese Defense Agency is planning a budget request of $1.2 billion for the development of a dual-layered missile defense system, a sum up from the $132 million allocated last year for research. The spike of attention comes amidst increased stirrings from North Korea, which test launched their Taepo’ dong I missile over the main Japanese island in 1998, and have since been making noise about a miniaturized nuclear weapons program. A recent white paper by the Japanese Defense Agency called missile defense a “pressing need,” and identified North Korea as a major and growing threat.
The proposed Japanese system would combine state-of-the-art Aegis cruisiers, with a sea-based boost-phase or midcourse-phase component, with a newer version of the Patriot missile, designed to intercept missile warheads in their terminal phase as they reenter the atmosphere toward their target. Japan currently has around 27 batteries of the PAC-2 version of the Patriot, but these are limited to interceting missiles with a range and speed significantly less than the longer-reaching (and thus more quickly moving) Taepo’ Dongs.
» Japanese Defense Agency white paper cites need for missile defenses
» More stories on: Allies
» Missile details: Tien Chi
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD, Patriot Advanced Capability-2 (PAC-2)
Miller on the Lessons from the Sea-Based Test Failure
John Miller discusses the lessons learned despite the failure of the sea-based SM-3 to intercept its target.
» More stories on: Analysis
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD
Sea Based Missile Test Fails for First Time
After successfully intercepting its targeted missile in its first three tests, the Missile Defense Agency and the U.S. Navy reported that the SMC-3 sea-based interceptor mounted on an Aegis cruiser failed to complete an intercept in its fourth and latest test.
» More stories on: Sea-Based Systems, Testing - American
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD
Aegis Sea Based Test Successful
From the Pentagon today:
“The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and the U.S. Navy announced today a successful flight test in the continuing development of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) element of the Ballistic Missile Defense System. Flight Mission-4 (FM-4) involved the firing of a developmental Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) from the Aegis ballistic missile defense cruiser USS Lake Erie to engage a ballistic missile target launched from the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) on the island of Kauai, Hawaii.”
» More stories on: Sea-Based Systems
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD
Successful Test of Aegis Sea-Based Interceptor
The Missile Defense Agency successfully tested the Navy’s ship-based missile defense system. The test involved the interception of a dummy rocket launched from Hawaii by a “kinetic warhead” missile fired from the USS Erie Aegis cruiser. The test boosts the practicability of using already-in service Aegis cruisers as the foundation for a sea-based defense.
» Missile system details for: Aegis Ship-Based BMD
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